in the later postwar period，technology transfer became much more of a two-way street. 是什麼意思

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Two-way street is a term we use to mean two groups are both participating. Like give and take. For example:
“I respect him a lot, but he does not respect me. He doesn’t understand that respect is a two way street. You have to give it to get it.”

So in your example, it is saying: after the war had ended for some time, both sides were getting technology from each other.